Editing Republican Party (United States) (section)

====Trade====
[[File:Justin Smith Morrill - Brady-Handy (1).jpg|thumb|Representative [[Justin S. Morrill]] (R-VT) drafted the [[Morrill Tariff]], inaugurating a period of protectionism in the United States until 1913.<ref name="Coy F. Cross II 2012 45">{{cite book|author=Coy F. Cross II|title=Justin Smith Morrill: Father of the Land-Grant Colleges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NYBqv3E7IMC&pg=PT45|year=2012|publisher=MSU Press|page=45|isbn=9780870139055}}</ref>]]
The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on [[international trade]] throughout its history. The official Republican Party platform adopted in 2024 opposes free trade and supports enacting [[history of tariffs in the United States|tariffs]] on imports, though it supports maintaining existing [[Free trade agreements of the United States|free trade agreements]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trump or Biden? Either way, US seems poised to preserve heavy tariffs on imports|url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-biden-trade-tariffs-china-inflation-1c17b1d223080b7a594326905380845a|date=May 21, 2024|website=The Associated Press|first1=Paul|last1=Wiseman}}</ref> At its inception, the Republican Party supported [[Tariffs in United States history|protective tariffs]], with the [[Morrill Tariff]] being implemented during the [[presidency of Abraham Lincoln]].<ref name="Coy F. Cross II 2012 45"/><ref name="Platform">[http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Ephemera/Republican_Platform_1860.html ''Republican Party National Platform, 1860''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813035120/http://cprr.org/Museum/Ephemera/Republican_Platform_1860.html |date=August 13, 2023 }} Reported from the Platform Committee by Judge Jessup of Pennsylvania and adopted unanimously by the Republican National Convention held at Chicago on May 17, 1860. [[Broadside (printing)|Broadside]] printing by [[Chicago Tribune|''The Chicago Press & Tribune'']], May 1860</ref> In the [[1896 United States presidential election|1896 presidential election]], Republican presidential candidate [[William McKinley]] campaigned heavily on high tariffs, having been the creator and namesake for the [[McKinley Tariff]] of 1890.<ref name="Phillips 2003 53"/>

In the early 20th century the Republican Party began splitting on tariffs, with the great battle over the high [[Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act]] in 1910 splitting the party and causing a realignment.<ref>Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 50.3 (1963): 424–442 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035528/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605 |date=March 7, 2021 }}</ref> Democratic president [[Woodrow Wilson]] cut rates with the 1913 [[Underwood Tariff]] and the coming of World War I in 1914 radically revised trade patterns due to reduced trade. Also, the new revenues generated by the [[federal income tax]] due to the [[Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|16th amendment]] made tariffs less important in terms of economic impact and political rhetoric.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Broz|first=J.L.|year=1999|title=Origins of the Federal Reserve System: International Incentives and the Domestic Free-rider Problem|journal=International Organization|volume=5353|issue=1|pages=39–46|doi=10.1162/002081899550805|s2cid=155001158 }}</ref> When the Republicans returned to power [[Emergency Tariff of 1921|in 1921 they again imposed a protective tariff.]] They raised it again with the [[Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act]] of 1930 to meet the [[Great Depression in the United States]], but the depression only worsened and Democrat [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] became president from 1932 to 1945.<ref>Anthony O'Brien, "Smoot-Hawley Tariff." ''EH. Net Encyclopedia'' (2001) [https://www.eh.net/page/4/?s=crash online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816220500/https://www.eh.net/page/4/?s=crash |date=August 16, 2023 }}.</ref>

The [[Reciprocal Tariff Act]] of 1934 marked a sharp departure from the era of [[protectionism]] in the United States. American duties on foreign products declined from an average of 46% in 1934 to 12% by 1962, which included the presidency of Republican president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Michael A.|author2=Goldstein, Weingast |title=The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy|journal=World Politics|date=April 1997|volume=49|issue=3|pages=309–38|doi=10.1353/wp.1997.0007|s2cid=154711958 }}</ref> After World War II, the U.S. promoted the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) established in 1947, to minimize tariffs and other restrictions, and to liberalize trade among all capitalist countries.<ref name=barton>John H. Barton, [[Judith L. Goldstein]], Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg, ''The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO'' (2008)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McClenahan |first1=William |title=The Growth of Voluntary Export Restraints and American Foreign Economic Policy, 1956–1969 |journal=Business and Economic History |date=1991 |volume=20 |pages=180–190 |jstor=23702815 }}</ref>

During the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]] administrations, Republicans abandoned protectionist policies<ref name="Karagiannis">{{cite book |editor1-first=Nikolaos |editor1-last=Karagiannis |editor2-first=Zagros |editor2-last=Madjd-Sadjadi |editor3-first=Swapan |editor3-last=Sen |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-US-Economy-and-Neoliberalism-Alternative-Strategies-and-Policies/Karagiannis-Madjd-Sadjadi-Sen/p/book/9780415645058 |title=The US Economy and Neoliberalism: Alternative Strategies and Policies |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2013 |isbn=978-1138904910 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKfai1RlPYC&pg=PA58 58] |access-date=August 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193859/https://www.routledge.com/The-US-Economy-and-Neoliberalism-Alternative-Strategies-and-Policies/Karagiannis-Madjd-Sadjadi-Sen/p/book/9780415645058 |url-status=live }}</ref> and came out against quotas and in favor of the GATT and the [[World Trade Organization]] policy of minimal economic barriers to global trade. Free trade with Canada came about as a result of the [[Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement]] of 1987, which led in 1994 to the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) based on Reagan's plan to enlarge the scope of the market for American firms to include Canada and Mexico. President [[Bill Clinton]], with strong Republican support in 1993, pushed NAFTA through Congress over the vehement objection of labor unions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4wDcT3PeQC&pg=PA358|title=Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior|first=Kenneth F.|last=Warren|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2008|page=358|isbn=978-1412954891|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023725/https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4wDcT3PeQC&pg=PA358#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxJZxwyMHHYC&pg=PT151|title=Unions in America|first=Gary|last=Chaison|publisher=Sage|year=2005|page=151|isbn=978-1452239477|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215024942/https://books.google.com/books?id=DxJZxwyMHHYC&pg=PT151#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2016 election marked a return to supporting protectionism, beginning with [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump's presidency]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swedberg |first=Richard|date=2018|title=Folk economics and its role in Trump's presidential campaign: an exploratory study|journal=Theory and Society|volume=47|pages=1–36|doi=10.1007/s11186-018-9308-8|s2cid=149378537}}</ref><ref name="Swanson">{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 26, 2019 }}</ref> In 2017, only 36% of Republicans agreed that free trade agreements are good for the [[United States]], compared to 67% of Democrats. When asked if free trade has helped respondents specifically, the approval numbers for Democrats drop to 54%, however approval ratings among Republicans remain relatively unchanged at 34%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/25/support-for-free-trade-agreements-rebounds-modestly-but-wide-partisan-differences-remain/|title=Support for free trade agreements rebounds modestly, but wide partisan differences remain|website=Pew Research|date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=April 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411201429/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/25/support-for-free-trade-agreements-rebounds-modestly-but-wide-partisan-differences-remain/|url-status=live}}</ref> During his presidency, Trump withdrew the United States from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], initiated a [[China-United States trade war|trade war]] with China, and negotiated the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]] as a successor to NAFTA.<ref name="Swanson"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Global Affairs |date=2022-04-21 |title=The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cusma-aceum/index.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=GAC}}</ref>

Trump also blocked appointments to the [[Appellate Body]] of the [[World Trade Organization]], rendering it unable to enforce and punish violators of WTO rules.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopewell |first=Kristen |date=2024 |title=The (surprise) return of development policy space in the multilateral trading system: what the WTO Appellate Body blockage means for the developmental state |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09692290.2024.2303681 |journal=Review of International Political Economy |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=1245–1270 |language=en |doi=10.1080/09692290.2024.2303681 |issn=0969-2290}}</ref><ref name="Hobbled WTO"/> Subsequently, disregard for trade rules has increased, leading to more trade protectionist measures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=At WTO, growing disregard for trade rules shows world is fragmenting |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/wto-growing-disregard-trade-rules-shows-world-is-fragmenting-2023-10-02/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> The [[Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration|Biden administration]] has maintained Trump's freeze on new appointments.<ref name="Hobbled WTO"/> The proposed 2024 Republican Party platform was even more protectionist, calling for enacting tariffs on most imports.<ref name="2024 Platform"/>