Editing Harvard University (section)

== Organization and administration ==
=== Governance ===
{{See also|Harvard Board of Overseers|President and Fellows of Harvard College|President of Harvard University}}
Harvard is governed by a combination of its [[Harvard Board of Overseers|Board of Overseers]] and the [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]], which is also known as the Harvard Corporation. These two bodies, in turn, appoint the [[President of Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bethell |first1=John T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |title=Harvard A to Z |last2=Hunt |first2=Richard M. |last3=Shenton |first3=Robert |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-02089-4 |pages=166– |language=en-US |access-date=May 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102142607/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are 16,000 staff and faculty,<ref>Burlington Free Press, June 24, 2009, page 11B, ""Harvard to cut 275 jobs" Associated Press</ref> including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Office of Institutional Research|title=Harvard University Fact Book 2009–2010|year=2009|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723162517/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011}}("Faculty")</ref>

=== Endowment ===
{{Main|Harvard University endowment}}

Harvard has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|university endowment]] in the world, valued at about {{USD|50.7 billion|long=no}} as of 2023.<ref name=BGendow/><ref name=HFRendow/>

During the [[Great Recession|recession of 2007–2009]], it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref> The endowment has since recovered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Healy |first=Beth |date=January 28, 2010 |title=Harvard endowment leads others down |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024541/http://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=John|last=Hechinger|title=Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges|page=A1|date=December 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Munk |first=Nina |date=July 20, 2009 |title=Nina Munk on Hard Times at Harvard |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true&currentPage=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829115742/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true&currentPage=all |archive-date=August 29, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew M. Rosenfield |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319001438/http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-date=March 19, 2009|title=Understanding Endowments, Part I|work=Forbes|date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref>

About {{USD|2 billion|long=no}} of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|title=Admissions Cuts Concern Some Graduate Students|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225022732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Financial Report |url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181152/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref>

==== Divestment ====
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated [[divestment|divesting]] Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in [[South Africa]] during [[apartheid]], [[Sudan]] during the [[Darfur genocide]], and [[tobacco industry|tobacco]], [[fossil fuel]], and [[private prison]] industries.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alli |last=Welton|title=Harvard Students Vote 72 Percent Support for Fossil Fuel Divestment|magazine=The Nation|date=November 20, 2012|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=July 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725011546/http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Alexandra A.|last=Chaidez|title=Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign Delivers Report to Mass. Hall|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=October 22, 2019|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-date=March 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306152230/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, during the [[disinvestment from South Africa]] movement, student activists erected a symbolic [[shanty town]] on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012">{{cite news|first1=Michael C.|last1=George|first2=David W.|last2=Kaufman|title=Students Protest Investment in Apartheid South Africa|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=May 23, 2012|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anjali|last=Cadambi|title=Harvard University community campaigns for divestment from apartheid South Africa, 1977–1989|website=Global Nonviolent Action Database|date=September 19, 2010|url=http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918195125/http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|url-status=live}}</ref>

The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by {{USD|230 million|long=no}}, out of a total of {{USD|400 million|long=no}}, in response to the pressure.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Anthony Waters Jr.|title=Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|date=March 20, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6291-3|page=77|access-date=October 14, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|url-status=live}}</ref>